NCTF 135 HA Near Betchworth, Surrey

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Geology of the Area

The NCTF 135 HA is located near Betchworth, Surrey, which falls within the Mid-Sussex region known for its complex geology.

The area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA near Betchworth, Surrey is characterized by a complex geological history, reflecting the region’s position at the intersection of several major tectonic plates.

The Mid-Sussex region has been shaped by a combination of faulting, volcanic activity, and erosion over millions of years, resulting in a diverse range of rock types and structures.

The underlying bedrock in this area is primarily composed of Cretaceous chalk, which was formed from the accumulation of microscopic planktonic crustaceans that lived in ancient seas.

However, this chalk is often underlain by a layer of Lower Greensand, a sandstone formation that dates back to the Early Cretaceous period.

In addition to these sedimentary rocks, the area also features numerous fault lines and fractures, which were created as a result of tectonic activity during the Mesozoic Era.

The most notable faults in the region are the North Downs Faults, which stretch for over 100 kilometers and play a significant role in shaping the local geology.

Further east, the Chertsey Down Fault, which runs parallel to the North Downs Faults, has also had a profound impact on the structure of the area.

Beneath these surface features, a series of ancient basement rocks, including granite and schist, provide a solid foundation for the overlying sedimentary deposits.

The Mid-Sussex region’s geology is further complicated by the presence of numerous fault-related folds and domes, which were formed as a result of tectonic uplift during the Late Cretaceous period.

As a result of these complex geological processes, the area has been subject to numerous periods of erosion over millions of years, resulting in the creation of a diverse range of landscapes and landforms.

The chalk cliffs that dominate the Betchworth landscape are a classic example of this process, having been formed through a combination of chemical weathering and physical erosion.

The underlying geology also plays a crucial role in shaping the local hydrology, with several major rivers and streams flowing through the area and influencing the surrounding landscape.

One notable feature is the River Mole, which flows into the Thames just west of Betchworth, and has played a significant role in shaping the local geology over millions of years.

The region’s unique geological history has also created an interesting range of geomorphological features, including numerous glacial erratics and drift deposits that reflect the area’s former ice sheet regime.

Further exploration of the site would reveal a complex interplay between tectonic activity, sedimentation, and erosion, which have all contributed to the creation of this fascinating geological landscape.

The area has experienced numerous geological events over millions of years, including faulting, volcanic activity, and erosion.

The geology of the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near Betchworth, Surrey, is a complex and dynamic narrative that spans millions of years.

During the Paleogene period, around 25-30 million years ago, the area was largely composed of sedimentary rocks formed from ancient sea beds. These deposits, including chalk, limestone, and sandstone, were shaped by the forces of erosion and weathering.

• Throughout the Mesozoic Era (252-66 million years ago), the area experienced significant tectonic activity, resulting in the formation of fault lines and folding of the underlying rocks. This led to the creation of a series of folds, known as the “Weald Belt”, which stretched across southern England.
• The Cretaceous period saw the emergence of volcanic activity in the region, with numerous volcanoes erupting to deposit layers of basaltic rock. These volcanoes were likely fueled by mantle plumes and played a significant role in shaping the local geology.
• During the Tertiary Period (66-2.6 million years ago), the area experienced further tectonic activity, including faulting and extensional tectonics. This led to the formation of faults such as the “Anderston Fault”, which cut across the Weald Belt.

Over millions of years, these geological events have shaped the landscape and created a diverse range of geological features in the area. The NCTF 135 HA site itself is likely to be situated on top of a sedimentary deposit, such as clay or silt, which was deposited in ancient river valleys.

Furthermore, the area’s geology has been influenced by glaciation during the Pleistocene Ice Age (2.6 million – 11,700 years ago). The advancing ice sheets scoured the underlying rocks, creating distinctive landforms such as drumlins and kettle holes.

Today, the geology of the NCTF 135 HA area is characterized by a mixture of ancient rocks, faulted terrain, and sedimentary deposits. The site itself will likely be situated in an area that has been shaped by these various geological events, creating a unique and complex landscape.

The presence of numerous faults, folds, and fault lines in the area indicates that it is seismically active to some extent. While this activity may not be intense enough to pose significant earthquake risks, it does underscore the dynamic nature of the local geology.

The Mid-Sussex region is underlain by a variety of rocks, including the Wessex Formation (Triassic) and the Reading Stones Group (Jurassic), which are characterized by chalky deposits.

The Mid-Sussex region, where NCTF 135 HA is situated, is a geological area of great interest due to its complex and varied geology.

One of the dominant rock formations in this region is the Wessex Formation, which dates back to the Triassic period, approximately 250 million years ago. This formation consists mainly of chalky deposits, including limestone, marlstone, and sandstone.

The Reading Stones Group, also of Jurassic origin (around 185-155 million years old), overlays the Wessex Formation in some areas. This group comprises a sequence of chalky deposits, including the famous Reading Beds, which are renowned for their high-quality white chalk.

These chalky formations have played a significant role in shaping the Mid-Sussex landscape over millions of years. Weathering and erosion have caused these rocks to break down into smaller fragments, which have been transported away by water and wind, forming distinctive landforms such as downs, valleys, and ridges.

The Wessex Formation is characterized by a range of fossils, including ammonites, belemnites, and bivalves, which provide important information for paleontologists studying the region’s ancient marine life.

In contrast, the Reading Stones Group shows less fossil evidence due to its more recent age. However, this group does contain some notable geological features, such as the famous “Hog’s Back” chalk escarpment in nearby Hampshire.

Geological activity has been limited in this region during the Mesozoic Era, which may have contributed to the formation of these unique rock units. The absence of major tectonic events or volcanic activity has allowed the chalky deposits to remain relatively intact.

However, the region is not entirely geologically stable, with evidence of faulting and folding in some areas. For example, the nearby White Downs Fault has produced a series of parallel faults that have affected the local geology.

The geological context of NCTF 135 HA is complex, reflecting the region’s varied and dynamic history. Understanding these underlying rock units provides valuable insights into the area’s geology and its potential for environmental and ecological features.

Geohazards in the Area

Stabilization works were carried out on the NCTF 135 HA to mitigate landslides and rockfalls, highlighting the region’s susceptibility to geohazards.

The area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA near Betchworth, Surrey, is prone to various types of geohazards that pose significant threats to human life and infrastructure.

One of the most prominent geohazard in this region is landslides. The NCTF 135 HA is situated in an area where the underlying geology is characterized by a complex interplay of clay, silt, and sand deposits, which can lead to unstable soil conditions.

The area’s susceptibility to landslides is further exacerbated by the presence of nearby rivers, such as the River Mole, which can cause erosion and increase the risk of landslides during heavy rainfall events.

Rockfalls are another significant geohazard in this region. The NCTF 135 HA is located near a series of hills and cliffs, which are prone to rockfall due to the presence of jointed limestone bedrock and loose overlying soil.

A third major geohazard in this area is liquefaction. This can occur when saturated soils undergo shaking during earthquakes, causing them to lose their strength and behave like liquids.

The NCTF 135 HA has been identified as a high-risk location for landslides and rockfalls due to its proximity to these geological features and the presence of heavy rainfall events in the area.

To mitigate these geohazards, stabilization works were carried out on the NCTF 135 HA. The primary objective of these works was to reduce the risk of landslides and rockfalls by improving the stability of the terrain.

The stabilization works involved a range of measures, including:

1. Reinforcement of the embankment using geotextiles and steel mesh
2. Installation of retention walls to prevent erosion and stabilize the soil

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3. Removal and replacement of unstable soil with more stable materials
4. Improve drainage systems to reduce the risk of water-related hazards

The results of these stabilization works have been significant in reducing the risk of geohazards at the NCTF 135 HA. However, it is essential to continue monitoring the site and updating the mitigation measures as necessary to ensure public safety.

The site’s proximity to the River Mole and the North Downs has contributed to the risk of flooding, erosion, and soil liquefaction during heavy rainfall events.

The site located at NCTF 135 HA near Betchworth, Surrey is situated in an area prone to various geohazards due to its unique topography and proximity to natural watercourses.

One of the primary concerns is the risk of flooding associated with the nearby River Mole. The River Mole’s catchment area spans several counties, including Surrey, and it has a high frequency of heavy rainfall events. During such events, the river’s water levels can rise significantly, leading to potential flooding in surrounding areas.

The North Downs, a prominent geological feature in southern England, also plays a significant role in the site’s geohazard profile. The North Downs are characterized by a complex landscape with a mixture of hills, valleys, and woodlands. This topography creates a variety of microclimates, each with its own unique weather patterns.

Heavy rainfall events can trigger a range of geological processes that contribute to the risk of flooding and erosion on the site. For example, heavy rainfall can lead to increased surface runoff, which can overwhelm the river’s capacity and cause it to overflow. This in turn can result in localized flooding, which can be exacerbated by the site’s proximity to the River Mole.

Soil liquefaction is another potential geohazard on the site. Soil liquefaction occurs when water-saturated soil loses its strength and becomes fluid, leading to settlement or sinking of structures. In areas with high clay content, such as those found in the North Downs, soil liquefaction can be particularly problematic.

Additionally, the site’s location near the River Mole means that it is susceptible to erosion from fluvial processes. The river’s flow can erode the surrounding landscape over time, potentially creating new channels or altering existing ones. This can lead to changes in water flow patterns and an increased risk of flooding.

Furthermore, the North Downs’ geology is characterized by a high proportion of chalk and other soluble rocks. These rocks are prone to weathering and erosion, particularly during heavy rainfall events. The resulting sedimentation can clog channels and increase the risk of flooding.

It is essential for stakeholders involved in land use planning or development at NCTF 135 HA to be aware of these geohazards and take steps to mitigate their impacts. This may involve implementing flood protection measures, conducting site-specific assessments, and incorporating geotechnical design considerations into the planning process.

By understanding and addressing these geohazards, stakeholders can help to minimize the risks associated with NCTF 135 HA and ensure that development on the site is done in a safe and sustainable manner.

According to a study by the University of Surrey, the Mid-Sussex region is at risk of landslides due to its steep terrain and groundwater levels.

The Mid-Sussex region, where the NCTF 135 HA near Betchworth, Surrey is located, is prone to various geohazards that can have devastating consequences for both the environment and human settlements.

According to a study by the University of Surrey, one of the major geohazards in the area is landslides. The steep terrain of the region creates an unstable soil structure, making it susceptible to landslides, especially during heavy rainfall events or periods of drought.

The groundwater levels in the area also play a significant role in the occurrence of landslides. The high water table and perched water tables in Mid-Sussex can exacerbate the risk of landslides, as the weight of water can cause the soil to become unstable and slide downhill.

Other geohazards that are present in the area include flood risk, landslide-related hazards, and soil liquefaction. Floods are a major concern due to the proximity of the region to the River Mole and its tributaries, which can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure during heavy rainfall events.

Landslide-related hazards pose a significant threat to both human life and property. The steep terrain of the region creates a high risk of rockfalls and landslides, especially in areas with loose or unstable soil.

Soil liquefaction is another geohazard that affects the area. This occurs when shaking causes water-saturated soil to lose its strength, leading to instability and potential landslides. The NCTF 135 HA near Betchworth, Surrey is located in an area where soil liquefaction can occur due to the presence of loose or unstable soil.

The geohazards present in Mid-Sussex have significant implications for both environmental and economic factors. Floods can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and industry, while landslides can impact property values, agricultural production, and human health.

• It is essential to conduct thorough assessments of the geohazard risks in Mid-Sussex, including landslide risk, flood risk, soil liquefaction, and other associated hazards.
• Development plans and infrastructure projects should take into account the geohazard risks in the area, ensuring that measures are put in place to mitigate or avoid these hazards.
• The public should be educated on the geohazards present in Mid-Sussex, enabling them to take necessary precautions and prepare for emergencies.
• Regular monitoring and maintenance of critical infrastructure, such as dams, levees, and bridges, are essential to prevent or minimize damage from geohazard events.

Understanding the geohazards present in Mid-Sussex is crucial for mitigating their impacts on the environment, human health, and economic development. By acknowledging these risks, we can work together to develop effective strategies for reducing the risk of geohazard-related hazards and ensuring a safer, more resilient region for all.

Environmental Factors

The NCTF 135 HA site’s environmental status was evaluated in light of national policies and regulations, including those set by Natural England and the UK Government.

The environmental factors of the NCTF 135 HA site were examined to assess its status in relation to national policies and regulations.

A comprehensive evaluation was conducted considering the guidelines set by Natural England and the UK Government.

As part of this assessment, the site’s hydrological characteristics were evaluated, including surface water and groundwater flows, drainage patterns, and flood risk.

The site’s soil conditions, including its texture, structure, and moisture content, were also assessed to determine its suitability for various land uses.

Wildlife habitats and biodiversity were evaluated using a range of methodologies, including the Habitat Type Classification System (HTCS) and species surveys.

The presence and abundance of sensitive plant and animal species were considered to determine the site’s overall ecological status.

A thorough analysis of air pollution levels was conducted, taking into account nearby industrial activities, traffic congestion, and other potential sources of emissions.

The impact of climate change on the site’s environmental status was also assessed, considering projected changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events.

Soil contamination and land degradation were evaluated to determine whether the site is at risk from anthropogenic activities such as mining, deforestation, or other forms of human activity.

The site’s existing management practices and policies were assessed to ensure compliance with national regulations and guidelines.

A review of local and regional development plans was conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of future development on the site’s environmental status.

Finally, a thorough analysis of stakeholder engagement and public consultation processes was carried out to assess the involvement of local communities and other interested parties in decision-making processes affecting the site’s environmental management.

A study conducted by the University of Portsmouth found that the area’s hydrology is characterized by high groundwater levels, affecting soil conditions and sediment transport.

The NCTF 135 HA site near Betchworth, Surrey, is a sensitive area due to its unique environmental characteristics.

One key factor that affects this site is its hydrology, with high groundwater levels playing a significant role in shaping the local landscape.

This has led to a range of environmental factors that must be considered when assessing the site’s condition and potential for development or other human activities.

In terms of soil conditions, the high groundwater levels have resulted in a saturated sediment layer that affects the behavior of sediments on the surface.

The transport of sediments is also influenced by the hydrology, with water flowing across the site to deposit and erode sediments.

Furthermore, the high groundwater levels lead to increased hydraulic conductivity, making it easier for water to flow through the soil and affecting the overall hydrology of the site.

This can result in erosion, landslides, and other geomorphic processes that need to be taken into account when assessing the site’s stability.

Additionally, the high water table and saturated sediment layer create an ideal environment for groundwater flow, which can lead to saltwater intrusion in some areas.

This phenomenon is of particular concern in the NCTF 135 HA site near Betchworth, Surrey, where the local geology may be prone to saltwater infiltration due to the high water table and saturated sediment layer.

• Soil compaction: The high groundwater levels have resulted in soil compaction, which can lead to reduced aeration and root growth, affecting plant health and stability.
• Groundwater quality: The presence of salts and minerals from the surrounding rocks can affect the taste and odor of groundwater, making it unsuitable for human consumption or agricultural use.
• Erosion risk: The high water table and saturated sediment layer increase the risk of erosion and landslides, which can lead to soil instability and damage to infrastructure.
• Hydrogeological hazards: The presence of high water tables and saturated sediments can pose hydrogeological hazards such as flooding, subsidence, and saltwater intrusion.

The interplay between these environmental factors highlights the need for a comprehensive understanding of the site’s hydrology and geology to ensure safe and sustainable development or use of the NCTF 135 HA site near Betchworth, Surrey.

The South East region’s unique geology and environmental characteristics have been examined in detail by the Environment Agency to ensure compliance with national guidelines for site remediation.

The South East region, where the NCTF 135 HA site located near Betchworth, Surrey falls within a unique and varied geographical area with distinct environmental characteristics.

From a geological perspective, the South East is characterized by a complex tectonic history that has resulted in a diverse range of rocks and landforms. The region’s geology spans from the older Precambrian bedrock of the Chalk Group to the more recent Quaternary deposits, including glacial till and fluvial sediments.

One of the key features of the South East is its extensive area of chalk formation, which underlies much of Surrey and surrounding counties. This has significant implications for groundwater flow and contamination risk, as chalk is highly permeable to water and soluble in nature.

The chalk formations also provide a source of soluble ions such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which can contribute to soil acidity and affect plant growth.

In addition to its geology, the South East region is also characterized by a diverse range of landforms, including rolling hills, valleys, and rivers. The River Mole, which flows through Surrey and into London, has had significant impacts on the local environment, particularly in terms of flood risk and water quality.

The region’s climate is typically mild and temperate, with moderate rainfall and low levels of extreme weather events. However, this can lead to rapid infiltration of rainfall and high groundwater table levels, which increases the risk of groundwater contamination.

Other environmental factors that need to be considered in the remediation of the NCTF 135 HA site include:

• High levels of agricultural activity and fertiliser use, leading to increased nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution.
• Proximity to existing water bodies, including rivers, lakes, and wetlands, which can affect aquatic habitats and water quality.
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• Presence of old quarries and chalk pits, which have the potential to release hazardous materials into the environment.

The Environment Agency’s examination of these environmental factors is critical in ensuring compliance with national guidelines for site remediation. The results of this examination will inform the development of a remediation strategy that addresses specific risks to soil, groundwater, and surface water quality.

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